Naghavian, R. et al. Microbial peptides activate tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in glioblastoma. Nature 617, 807–817 (2023).
Jain, A. et al. Guiding intracortical brain tumour cells to an extracortical cytotoxic hydrogel using aligned polymeric nanofibres. Nat. Mater. 13, 308–316 (2014).
Todo, T. et al. Intratumoral oncolytic herpes virus G47∆ for residual or recurrent glioblastoma: a phase 2 trial. Nat. Med. 28, 1630–1639 (2022).
Sabu, A. et al. Nanomedicines targeting glioma stem cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15, 158–181 (2023).
Gimple, R. C., Yang, K., Halbert, M. E., Agnihotri, S. & Rich, J. N. Brain cancer stem cells: resilience through adaptive plasticity and hierarchical heterogeneity. Nat. Rev. Cancer 22, 497–514 (2022).
Chen, C. et al. Intracavity generation of glioma stem cell–specific CAR macrophages primes locoregional immunity for postoperative glioblastoma therapy. Sci. Transl. Med. 14, eabn1128 (2022).
Pittet, M. J., Michielin, O. & Migliorini, D. Clinical relevance of tumour-associated macrophages. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 19, 402–421 (2022).
Yu, Y. H. et al. Optogenetic-controlled immunotherapeutic designer cells for post-surgical cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Commun. 13, 6357 (2022).
Bayik, D. & Lathia, J. D. Cancer stem cell-immune cell crosstalk in tumour progression. Nat. Rev. Cancer 21, 526–536 (2021).
Feng, Q. S., Fang, W. M., Guo, Y. D., Hu, P. & Shi, J. L. Nebulized therapy of early orthotopic lung cancer by iron-based nanoparticles: macrophage-regulated ferroptosis of cancer stem cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145, 24153–24165 (2023).
Zhang, Z., He, C. L. & Chen, X. S. Designing hydrogels for immunomodulation in cancer therapy and regenerative medicine. Adv. Mater. 36, 2308894 (2023).
Choudhury, A. R., Gupta, S., Chaturvedi, P. K., Kumar, N. & Pandey, D. Mechanobiology of cancer stem cells and their niche. Cancer Microenviron. 12, 17–27 (2019).
Dong, L. Q. et al. Chiral geometry regulates stem cell fate and activity. Biomaterials 222, 119456 (2019).
Ma, B. J. & Bianco, A. Regulation of biological processes by intrinsically chiral engineered materials. Nat. Rev. Mater. 8, 403–413 (2023).
Furnari, F. B., Cloughesy, T. F., Cavenee, W. K. & Mischel, P. S. Heterogeneity of epidermal growth factor receptor signalling networks in glioblastoma. Nat. Rev. Cancer 15, 302–310 (2015).
Sharma, P. et al. Immune checkpoint therapy-current perspectives and future directions. Cell 186, 1652–1669 (2023).
Wan, S. S. et al. Tumor-associated macrophages produce interleukin 6 and signal via STAT3 to promote expansion of human hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells. Gastroenterology 147, 1393–1404 (2014).
Shi, Y. et al. Tumour-associated macrophages secrete pleiotrophin to promote PTPRZ1 signalling in glioblastoma stem cells for tumour growth. Nat. Commun. 8, 15080 (2017).
Liu, F. K. et al. CTLA-4 correlates with immune and clinical characteristics of glioma. Cancer Cell Int. 20, 7 (2020).
Hirata, N. et al. Transforming growth factor beta promotes the expansion of cancer stem cells via S1PR3 by ligand-independent notch activation. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 45, 649–658 (2022).
Chen, T. L. et al. Dual role of WNT5A in promoting endothelial differentiation of glioma stem cells and angiogenesis of glioma derived endothelial cells. Oncogene 40, 5081–5094 (2021).
Barinov, A. et al. Essential role of immobilized chemokine CXCL12 in the regulation of the humoral immune response. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 2319–2324 (2017).
Bleau, A. M. et al. PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway regulates the side population phenotype and ABCG2 activity in glioma tumor stem-like cells. Cell Stem Cell 4, 226–235 (2009).
Liu, J. X. et al. Fabrication of a chiral luminescent hydrogel from gold nanoclusters via molecular recognition. Chem. Commun. 57, 10202–10205 (2021).
Koifman, N. & Talmon, Y. Cryogenic electron microscopy methodologies as analytical tools for the study of self-assembled pharmaceutics. Pharmaceutics 13, 1015 (2021).
Koo, S. et al. Ceria-vesicle nanohybrid therapeutic for modulation of innate and adaptive immunity in a collagen-induced arthritis model. Nat. Nanotechnol. 18, 1502–1514 (2023).
Cui, T. T. et al. A neutrophil mimicking metal-porphyrin-based nanodevice loaded with porcine pancreatic elastase for cancer therapy. Nat. Commun. 14, 1974 (2023).
Sun, L. et al. Synthesis of erythrocyte nanodiscs for bacterial toxin neutralization. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62, e202301566 (2023).
Zhang, Q. Z. et al. Neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles inhibit synovial inflammation and alleviate joint damage in inflammatory arthritis. Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 1182–1190 (2018).
Kahlert, U. D., Nikkhah, G. & Maciaczyk, J. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal(-like) transition as a relevant molecular event in malignant gliomas. Cancer Lett. 331, 131–138 (2013).
Liu, Q. P., Luo, Q., Ju, Y. & Song, G. B. Role of the mechanical microenvironment in cancer development and progression. Cancer Biol. Med. 17, 282–292 (2020).
Ohta, Y. et al. Cell-matrix interface regulates dormancy in human colon cancer stem cells. Nature 608, 784–794 (2022).
Driskill, J. H. & Pan, D. J. Control of stem cell renewal and fate by YAP and TAZ. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 24, 895–911 (2023).
Bassey-Archibong, B. I. et al. An HLA-G/SPAG9/STAT3 axis promotes brain metastases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2205247120 (2023).
Guo, Q. et al. NF-κB in biology and targeted therapy: new insights and translational implications. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 9, 53 (2024).
Jia, T. T. et al. Atomically precise gold-levonorgestrel nanocluster as a radiosensitizer for enhanced cancer therapy. ACS Nano 13, 8320–8328 (2019).
Price, J. M., Prabhakaran, A. & West, C. M. L. Predicting tumour radiosensitivity to deliver precision radiotherapy. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 20, 83–98 (2023).
Jezierzański, M. et al. Temozolomide (TMZ) in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme-a literature review and clinical outcomes. Curr. Oncol. 31, 3994–4002 (2024).
Noffsinger, B. et al. Technical choices significantly alter the adaptive immune response against immunocompetent murine gliomas in a model-dependent manner. J. Neuro-Oncol. 154, 145–157 (2021).
Jacob, F. et al. A patient-derived glioblastoma organoid model and biobank recapitulates inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Cell 180, 188–204 (2020).
Gao, J. C. et al. Intracerebral fate of organic and inorganic nanoparticles is dependent on microglial extracellular vesicle function. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 376–386 (2024).
Aldape, K. et al. Challenges to curing primary brain tumours. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 16, 509–520 (2019).
Shen, S. Y. et al. A nanotherapeutic strategy to overcome chemotherapeutic resistance of cancer stem-like cells. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 104–113 (2021).
Zhang, Z. J., Deng, Q. Y., Xiao, C., Li, Z. F. & Yang, X. L. Rational design of nanotherapeutics based on the five features principle for potent elimination of cancer stem cells. Acc. Chem. Res. 55, 526–536 (2022).
Wang, F. H. et al. Self-assembling paclitaxel-mediated stimulation of tumor-associated macrophages for postoperative treatment of glioblastoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2204621120 (2023).
Desai, N., Tambe, V., Pofali, P. & Vora, L. K. Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: a new frontier in immunomodulation. Adv. NanoBiomed Res. 4, 2400012 (2024).
Cirigliano, S. M. & Fine, H. A. Bridging the gap between tumor and disease: innovating cancer and glioma models. J. Exp. Med. 222, e20220808 (2025).
Bonosi, L. et al. Maximal safe resection in glioblastoma surgery: a systematic review of advanced intraoperative image-guided techniques. Brain Sci. 13, 216 (2023).
Chen, L., Zhang, Y. Q., Yang, J. X., Hagan, J. P. & Li, M. Vertebrate animal models of glioma: understanding the mechanisms and developing new therapies. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1836, 158–165 (2013).
Bao, S. D. et al. Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. Nature 444, 756–760 (2006).
Zhang, J. et al. Immunostimulant hydrogel for the inhibition of malignant glioma relapse post-resection. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 538–548 (2021).
