Scientists have revealed a new method to turn orange peels into powerful nanomaterials for clean energy, replacing expensive metals in hydrogen production.
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An international team of researchers from India, Chile, and Spain has developed a sustainable method for making magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) using extracts from discarded orange peels. These tiny particles have shown strong potential in improving a key reaction used in hydrogen generation. Orange peels could be a low-cost and eco-friendly alternative to conventional materials.
The study, published in the journal Nanomaterials, demonstrates how agricultural waste can be transformed into nanocatalysts, providing a greener approach to materials used in renewable energy technologies.
What Could it Mean for Clean Energy?
Electrochemical water splitting is a promising technique for producing hydrogen and oxygen. However, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) step, which tends to be slow and energy-intensive, reduces the energy efficiency of this process with its slow kinetics and high overpotentials. To mitigate this, scientists typically rely on rare and expensive metals like platinum and iridium.
But these noble metals are costly and in short supply, making large-scale adoption difficult. Magnetite nanoparticles, on the other hand, are more abundant and significantly cheaper, making them an appealing alternative if they can deliver similar performance.
The Study’s Green Chemistry Approach
The researchers turned to orange peels as a sustainable solution. They synthesized the magnetite nanoparticles using bioreductants extracted from the orange peels.
The peels were washed, dried, and ground into a fine powder, which was then dispersed in deionized water and stirred at elevated temperatures for extraction. The plant-based chemicals extracted act as bioreductants, triggering the chemical reactions needed to form the nanoparticles.
The extract was then mixed with iron salts (FeSO4 and FeCl3) in a 2:1 ratio, adjusting the pH to 10 to facilitate nanoparticle formation. The final solution was washed and filtered to remove the supernatant before characterization.
Structural analysis revealed the successful production of nanoparticles via the green synthesis method. The synthesis produced nanoparticles with a spherical shape, an average diameter of 9.62 nm, and a high surface area, all of which are features that are ideal for catalytic activity.
Tested For Performance And Stability
To assess their viability, the researchers examined the nanoparticles with X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and spectroscopy (FTIR and EDX), amongst other techniques.
Electrocatalytic performance was tested using linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry. In an alkaline solution (1.0 M KOH), the Fe3O4 nanoparticles reached a current density of 10 mA/cm2 at an overpotential of just 0.3 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), a promising result for OER applications.
The particles remained stable across 2,000 test cycles, and their cubic spinel structure stayed intact. This durability is particularly valuable for long-term use in energy systems.
Wider Applications
The implications of this research go well beyond hydrogen production. The magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles also make them useful in environmental cleanup, where they can help remove pollutants, and in medical fields such as drug delivery and MRI imaging.
Because the method relies on orange peel waste, it shows promise in the practical use of other agricultural byproducts, giving a second life to materials that would otherwise be discarded.
Next Steps In Research
The team says future studies should explore scalability and whether the nanoparticles can perform effectively in other electrochemical reactions, such as hydrogen evolution and carbon dioxide reduction.
If successful, this approach could lead to broader use of green nanotechnology in clean energy, replacing expensive and resource-heavy materials with low-cost, sustainable alternatives.
Journal Reference
Carmona. E. R., et al. (2025, August 27). Sustainable Green Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanocatalysts for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Nanomaterials, 15(17), 1317. DOI: 10.3390/nano15171317, https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/17/1317
